IS-IS Route Leaking

IS-IS routers in a level 1 area only know the prefixes in their own area. If they want to reach something in another area, they have to use a default route to a level 1-2 router. If there are multiple level 1-2 routers, then IS-IS picks the closest level 1-2 router to exit the area. This sometimes causes sub-optimal routing.

We can deal with this by leaking prefixes from level 2 into level 1.

A level 1-2 router has access to the local area and also knows all prefixes because of its level 2 database. We can redistribute one or more prefixes from level 2 into the local area so that level 1 routers can select the most optimal path in the network.

This is best explained with an example, so in this lesson, I’ll show you what route leaking is and how it solves sub-optimal routing. This is the topology we will use:

We have a bunch of IS-IS routers. R8 has a loopback interface that we will try to reach from R1. All interfaces are Gigabit Ethernet with the default metric of 10.

hostname R1
!
ip cef
!
interface GigabitEthernet0/1
 ip address 192.168.12.1 255.255.255.0
 ip router isis 
!
interface GigabitEthernet0/2
 ip address 192.168.13.1 255.255.255.0
 ip router isis 
!
router isis
 net 49.1234.0000.0000.0001.00
 log-adjacency-changes
!
end

hostname R2
!
ip cef
!
interface GigabitEthernet0/1
 ip address 192.168.12.2 255.255.255.0
 ip router isis 
!
interface GigabitEthernet0/2
 ip address 192.168.24.2 255.255.255.0
 ip router isis 
!
router isis
 net 49.1234.0000.0000.0002.00
 is-type level-1
 log-adjacency-changes
!
end

hostname R3
!
ip cef
!
interface GigabitEthernet0/1
 ip address 192.168.13.3 255.255.255.0
 ip router isis 
!
interface GigabitEthernet0/2
 ip address 192.168.35.3 255.255.255.0
 ip router isis 
!
router isis
 net 49.1234.0000.0000.0003.00
 log-adjacency-changes
!
end

hostname R4
!
ip cef
!
interface GigabitEthernet0/1
 ip address 192.168.24.4 255.255.255.0
 ip router isis 
!
interface GigabitEthernet0/2
 ip address 192.168.47.4 255.255.255.0
 ip router isis 
!
router isis
 net 49.1234.0000.0000.0004.00
 log-adjacency-changes
!
end

hostname R5
!
ip cef
!
interface GigabitEthernet0/1
 ip address 192.168.35.5 255.255.255.0
 ip router isis 
!
interface GigabitEthernet0/2
 ip address 192.168.56.5 255.255.255.0
 ip router isis 
!
router isis
 net 49.5678.0000.0000.0005.00
 log-adjacency-changes
!
end

hostname R6
!
ip cef
!
interface GigabitEthernet0/1
 ip address 192.168.56.6 255.255.255.0
 ip router isis 
!
interface GigabitEthernet0/2
 ip address 192.168.67.6 255.255.255.0
 ip router isis 
!
router isis
 net 49.5678.0000.0000.0006.00
 log-adjacency-changes
!
end

hostname R7
!
ip cef
!
interface GigabitEthernet0/1
 ip address 192.168.47.7 255.255.255.0
 ip router isis 
!
interface GigabitEthernet0/2
 ip address 192.168.67.7 255.255.255.0
 ip router isis 
!
interface GigabitEthernet0/3
 ip address 192.168.78.7 255.255.255.0
 ip router isis 
!
router isis
 net 49.5678.0000.0000.0007.00
 log-adjacency-changes
!
end

hostname R8
!
ip cef
!
interface Loopback0
 ip address 8.8.8.8 255.255.255.255
 ip router isis 
!
interface GigabitEthernet0/1
 ip address 192.168.78.8 255.255.255.0
 ip router isis 
!
router isis
 net 49.5678.0000.0000.0008.00
 is-type level-1
 log-adjacency-changes
!
end

Let’s take a look at the routing table of R1:

R1#show ip route isis

i*L1  0.0.0.0/0 [115/10] via 192.168.13.3, 00:04:01, GigabitEthernet0/2
i L1  192.168.24.0/24 [115/20] via 192.168.12.2, 00:04:21, GigabitEthernet0/1
i L1  192.168.35.0/24 [115/20] via 192.168.13.3, 00:04:11, GigabitEthernet0/2
i L1  192.168.47.0/24 [115/30] via 192.168.12.2, 00:04:11, GigabitEthernet0/1

R3 is the closest level 1-2 router for R1 so R1 generates a default route to R3. When we try to reach 8.8.8.8, this is the path we use:

R1#traceroute 8.8.8.8
Type escape sequence to abort.
Tracing the route to 8.8.8.8
VRF info: (vrf in name/id, vrf out name/id)
  1 192.168.13.3 5 msec 10 msec 5 msec
  2 192.168.35.5 7 msec 11 msec 7 msec
  3 192.168.56.6 11 msec 13 msec 16 msec
  4 192.168.67.7 11 msec 16 msec 11 msec
  5 192.168.78.8 12 msec 10 msec *

R1 uses R3 to get to 8.8.8.8. This makes sense since R3 is the closest level 1-2 router.To reach any networks outside of area 1234, R1 will use the default route from R3. It’s not the shortest path however since R6 is in between R5 and R7:

We can solve this by leaking information about 8.8.8.8/32 into area 1234. When R1 learns about 8.8.8.8/32, it will no longer use the default route to reach this network.

On R4, we’ll configure route leaking. You can use a distribute-list or a route-map to select the networks you want to leak. I’ll use a route-map since it allows you to use named access-lists. First, we create an access-list that matches 8.8.8.8/32:

R4(config)#ip access-list extended R8_L0
R4(config-ext-nacl)#permit ip host 8.8.8.8 any

And then we create a route-map that matches the access-list we just created:

R4(config)#route-map ROUTE_LEAKING permit 10
R4(config-route-map)#match ip address R8_L0

Now we can configure route leaking with the redistribute command:

R4(config)#router isis
R4(config-router)#redistribute isis ip level-2 into level-1 route-map ROUTE_LEAKING

The command above tells R4 to leak level 2 prefixes into level 1 but only those that are configured in the route-map. Let’s take a look at R1:

R1#show ip route isis

i*L1  0.0.0.0/0 [115/10] via 192.168.13.3, 00:16:05, GigabitEthernet0/2
      8.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
i ia     8.8.8.8 [115/50] via 192.168.12.2, 00:00:41, GigabitEthernet0/1
i L1  192.168.24.0/24 [115/20] via 192.168.12.2, 00:16:28, GigabitEthernet0/1
i L1  192.168.35.0/24 [115/20] via 192.168.13.3, 00:16:28, GigabitEthernet0/2
i L1  192.168.47.0/24 [115/30] via 192.168.12.2, 00:16:28, GigabitEthernet0/1

Above we see an IS-IS “ia” (interarea) route for 8.8.8.8/32 via R2. This is the leaked route. We can also see it in the level 1 link-state database:

R1#show isis database level-1 verbose R4.00-00


IS-IS Level-1 LSP R4.00-00
LSPID                 LSP Seq Num  LSP Checksum  LSP Holdtime      ATT/P/OL
R4.00-00              0x00000005   0xC9D0        1099              1/0/0
  Area Address: 49.1234
  NLPID:        0xCC 
  Hostname: R4
  Metric: 10         IS R4.01
  IP Address:   192.168.47.4
  Metric: 10         IP 192.168.24.0 255.255.255.0
  Metric: 10         IP 192.168.47.0 255.255.255.0
  Metric: 30         IP-Interarea 8.8.8.8 255.255.255.255

Above we see the interarea route that was leaked into level 1. With this specific entry, R1 will use the most optimal path to reach 8.8.8.8:

R1#traceroute 8.8.8.8
Type escape sequence to abort.
Tracing the route to 8.8.8.8
VRF info: (vrf in name/id, vrf out name/id)
  1 192.168.12.2 10 msec 4 msec 6 msec
  2 192.168.24.4 5 msec 7 msec 7 msec
  3 192.168.47.7 9 msec 10 msec 10 msec
  4 192.168.78.8 7 msec 19 msec * 

This is looking good. We now use R2 to get to our destination:

The last thing we need to discuss are routing loops. R4 redistributes 8.8.8.8/32 into area 1234 so R3 will also learn this prefix from R1.

What prevents R3 from redistributing 8.8.8.8/32 back into the level 2 database? When a prefix is redistributed like this, the router that does the redistribution will set the distribution up/down bit. For example, here’s the level 1 LSP from R4:

IS-IS Route Leaking Redistribution up/down bit

Above we see that R4 is advertising 192.168.24.0/24, 192.168.47.0/24 and 8.8.8.8/32 in its level 1 LSP. For 8.8.8.8/32 it has set the distribution bit to 1 (up). Another level 1-2 router like R3 will never redistribute this back into the level 2 database.

hostname R1
!
ip cef
!
interface GigabitEthernet0/1
 ip address 192.168.12.1 255.255.255.0
 ip router isis 
!
interface GigabitEthernet0/2
 ip address 192.168.13.1 255.255.255.0
 ip router isis 
!
router isis
 net 49.1234.0000.0000.0001.00
 is-type level-1
 log-adjacency-changes
!
end

hostname R2
!
ip cef
!
interface GigabitEthernet0/1
 ip address 192.168.12.2 255.255.255.0
 ip router isis 
!
interface GigabitEthernet0/2
 ip address 192.168.24.2 255.255.255.0
 ip router isis 
!
router isis
 net 49.1234.0000.0000.0002.00
 is-type level-1
 log-adjacency-changes
!
end

hostname R3
!
ip cef
!
interface GigabitEthernet0/1
 ip address 192.168.13.3 255.255.255.0
 ip router isis 
!
interface GigabitEthernet0/2
 ip address 192.168.35.3 255.255.255.0
 ip router isis 
!
router isis
 net 49.1234.0000.0000.0003.00
 log-adjacency-changes
!
end

hostname R4
!
ip cef
!
interface GigabitEthernet0/1
 ip address 192.168.24.4 255.255.255.0
 ip router isis 
!
interface GigabitEthernet0/2
 ip address 192.168.47.4 255.255.255.0
 ip router isis 
!
router isis
 net 49.1234.0000.0000.0004.00
 log-adjacency-changes
 redistribute isis ip level-2 into level-1 route-map ROUTE_LEAKING
!
ip access-list extended R8_L0
 permit ip host 8.8.8.8 any
!
route-map ROUTE_LEAKING permit 10
 match ip address R8_L0
!
end

hostname R5
!
ip cef
!
interface GigabitEthernet0/1
 ip address 192.168.35.5 255.255.255.0
 ip router isis 
!
interface GigabitEthernet0/2
 ip address 192.168.56.5 255.255.255.0
 ip router isis 
!
router isis
 net 49.5678.0000.0000.0005.00
 log-adjacency-changes
!
end

hostname R6
!
ip cef
!
interface GigabitEthernet0/1
 ip address 192.168.56.6 255.255.255.0
 ip router isis 
!
interface GigabitEthernet0/2
 ip address 192.168.67.6 255.255.255.0
 ip router isis 
!
router isis
 net 49.5678.0000.0000.0006.00
 is-type level-1
 log-adjacency-changes
!
end

hostname R7
!
ip cef
!
interface GigabitEthernet0/1
 ip address 192.168.47.7 255.255.255.0
 ip router isis 
!
interface GigabitEthernet0/2
 ip address 192.168.67.7 255.255.255.0
 ip router isis 
!
interface GigabitEthernet0/3
 ip address 192.168.78.7 255.255.255.0
 ip router isis 
!
router isis
 net 49.5678.0000.0000.0007.00
 log-adjacency-changes
!
end

hostname R8
!
ip cef
!
interface Loopback0
 ip address 8.8.8.8 255.255.255.255
 ip router isis 
!
interface GigabitEthernet0/1
 ip address 192.168.78.8 255.255.255.0
 ip router isis 
!
router isis
 net 49.5678.0000.0000.0008.00
 is-type level-1
 log-adjacency-changes
!
end

Conclusion

In this lesson, you have learned how to use route leaking to ensure level 1 routers pick the most optimal path in the network:

• level 1 routers generate a default route to the closest level 1-2 router to reach prefixes outside of their own area.
• level 1-2 routers can redistribute prefixes from level 2 to level 1 so that level 1 routes can choose the most optimal path.
• prefixes that were redistributed from level 2 to level 1 have their distribution up/down bit set to up so that they are not redistributed back into level 2 by another level 1-2 router.