Multiple Spanning Tree (MST)

By default, Cisco Catalyst Switches run PVST+ or Rapid PVST+ (Per VLAN Spanning Tree). This means that each VLAN is mapped to a single spanning tree instance. When you have 20 VLANs, it means there are 20 instances of spanning tree.

Is this a problem? Like always…it depends.

Let’s take a look at an example:

Take a look at the topology above. We have three switches and a lot of VLANs. There are 201 VLANs in total. If we are running PVST or Rapid PVST, we have 201 different calculations for each VLAN. This requires a lot of CPU power and memory.

When SW2 is the root bridge for VLAN 100 – 200 and SW3 for VLAN 201 – 300, our spanning-tree topologies will look like this:

SW2 is the root bridge for VLAN 100 up to VLAN 200. This means that the GigabitEthernet0/1 interface on SW1 or the GigabitEthernet 0/0 interface of SW3 will be blocked. I’ll have 100 spanning-tree calculations, but they all look the same for these VLANs…

The same thing applies to VLAN 201 – 300. SW3 is the root bridge for VLAN 201 up to 300. The GigabitEthernet 0/0 interface on SW1 or SW2 will be blocked for all these VLANs.

Two different outcomes, but I still have 200 different instances of spanning tree running. That’s a waste of CPU cycles and memory.

MST (Multiple Spanning Tree) will solve this issue. Instead of calculating a spanning tree for each VLAN, we can use instances and map VLANs to each instance. For the network above, I could do something like this:

• Instance 1: VLAN 100 – 200
• Instance 2: VLAN 201 – 300

Sounds logical, right? Only two spanning tree calculations (instances) are required for all these VLANs.

MST works with the concept of regions. Switches configured to use MST need to find out if their neighbors are running MST.

 

When switches have the same attributes, they will be in the same region. It’s possible to have one or more regions. Here are the attributes that need to match:

• MST configuration name.
• MST configuration revision number.
• MST instance to VLAN mapping table.

When switches have the same attributes configured, they will be in the same region. If the attributes are different, the switch is seen as being at the region’s boundary. It can be connected to another MST region but also talk to a switch running another version of spanning tree.

The MST configuration name is just something you can make up. It’s used to identify the MST region. The MST configuration revision number is also something you can make up, and the idea behind this number is that you can change the number whenever you change your configuration. It doesn’t matter what you pick as long as it’s the same on all switches within the MST region. VLANs will be mapped to an instance using the MST instance to VLAN mapping table. This is something we have to do ourselves.

Within the MST region, we will have one instance of spanning tree that will create a loop-free topology within the region. When you configure MST, there is always one default instance used to calculate the topology within the region. We call this the IST (Internal Spanning Tree). By default, Cisco will use instance 0 to run the IST. The IST runs rapid spanning-tree.

I could create instances 1 for VLAN 100 – 200 and 2 for VLAN 201 – 300. Depending on which switch becomes the root bridge for each instance, a different port will be blocked. It could look like this:

The switch outside the MST region doesn’t see what the MST region looks like. For this switch, it’s like it’s talking to one big switch or a ‘black box’:

If you want to know the details of how MST and PVST+ work together, check out our MST and PVST+ interoperability lesson.  Let’s have some fun with the configuration.

MST Configuration

I will use the following topology:

We’ll start with a single MST region with the following attributes:

• MST configuration name: “NETWORKLESSONS”
• MST configuration revision number: 1 (this is just a number that I made up)
• MST instance to VLAN mapping table:
  • Instance 1: VLAN 10, 20, and 30.
  • Instance 2: VLAN 40, 50, and 60.

This is what we will do:

SW1(config)#spanning-tree mode mst

SW2(config)#spanning-tree mode mst

SW3(config)#spanning-tree mode mst

This is how we enable MST on our switches. Let’s look at the default MST instance:

SW1#show spanning-tree mst configuration
Name      []
Revision  0     Instances configured 1

Instance  Vlans mapped
--------  ---------------------------------------------------------------------
0         1-4094
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

SW2#show spanning-tree mst configuration 
Name      []
Revision  0     Instances configured 1

Instance  Vlans mapped
--------  ---------------------------------------------------------------------
0         1-4094
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

SW3#show spanning-tree mst configuration 
Name      []
Revision  0     Instances configured 1

Instance  Vlans mapped
--------  ---------------------------------------------------------------------
0         1-4094
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

We can use the show spanning-tree mst configuration command to see the MST instances. I haven’t created any additional instances, so only instance 0 is available. You can see that all VLANs are currently mapped to instance 0. Let’s see what else we can find:

SW1#show spanning-tree mst

##### MST0    vlans mapped:   1-4094
Bridge        address 5254.0010.370d  priority      32768 (32768 sysid 0)
Root          address 5254.0001.50c4  priority      32768 (32768 sysid 0)
              port    Gi0/0           path cost     0        
Regional Root address 5254.0001.50c4  priority      32768 (32768 sysid 0)
                                      internal cost 20000     rem hops 19
Operational   hello time 2 , forward delay 15, max age 20, txholdcount 6 
Configured    hello time 2 , forward delay 15, max age 20, max hops    20

Interface        Role Sts Cost      Prio.Nbr Type
---------------- ---- --- --------- -------- --------------------------------
Gi0/0            Root FWD 20000     128.1    P2p 
Gi0/1            Desg FWD 20000     128.2    P2p

You can also use the show spanning-tree mst command. We can see the VLAN mapping but also information about the root bridge. Before we can add more instances, we have to do our chores…time to add some VLANs and configure the links between the switches as trunks:

SW1(config)#interface GigabitEthernet 0/0
SW1(config-if)#switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q
SW1(config-if)#switchport mode trunk
SW1(config)#interface GigabitEthernet 0/1
SW1(config-if)#switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q
SW1(config-if)#switchport mode trunk

SW2(config)#interface GigabitEthernet 0/0
SW2(config-if)#switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q
SW2(config-if)#switchport mode trunk
SW2(config)#interface GigabitEthernet 0/1
SW2(config-if)#switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q
SW2(config-if)#switchport mode trunk

SW3(config)#interface GigabitEthernet 0/0
SW3(config-if)#switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q
SW3(config-if)#switchport mode trunk
SW3(config)#interface GigabitEthernet 0/1
SW3(config-if)#switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q
SW3(config-if)#switchport mode trunk

That takes care of the trunks. Here are the VLANs:

SW1, SW2 & SW3:
(config)#vlan 10
(config-vlan)#vlan 20
(config-vlan)#vlan 30
(config-vlan)#vlan 40
(config-vlan)#vlan 50
(config-vlan)#vlan 60
(config-vlan)#exit

Now we can configure MST and the instances:

SW1(config)#spanning-tree mst configuration 
SW1(config-mst)#name NETWORKLESSONS
SW1(config-mst)#revision 1
SW1(config-mst)#instance 1 vlan 10,20,30
SW1(config-mst)#instance 2 vlan 40,50,60
SW1(config-mst)#exit

SW2(config)#spanning-tree mst configuration 
SW2(config-mst)#name NETWORKLESSONS
SW2(config-mst)#revision 1
SW2(config-mst)#instance 1 vlan 10,20,30
SW2(config-mst)#instance 2 vlan 40,50,60
SW2(config-mst)#exit

SW3(config)#spanning-tree mst configuration 
SW3(config-mst)#name NETWORKLESSONS
SW3(config-mst)#revision 1
SW3(config-mst)#instance 1 vlan 10,20,30
SW3(config-mst)#instance 2 vlan 40,50,60
SW3(config-mst)#exit

This is how we configure MST. First, you need the spanning-tree mst configuration command to enter the configuration of MST. We set the name by using the name command. Don’t forget to set a revision number and map the instances with the instance command. Let’s verify our work:

SW1#show spanning-tree mst configuration
Name      [NETWORKLESSONS]
Revision  1     Instances configured 3

Instance  Vlans mapped
--------  ---------------------------------------------------------------------
0         1-9,11-19,21-29,31-39,41-49,51-59,61-4094
1         10,20,30
2         40,50,60
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

We can use the show spanning-tree mst configuration command to verify our configuration. You can see that we now have two instances. The VLANs are mapped to instances 1 and 2. All the other VLANs are still mapped to instance 0.

So far, so good. Let’s play some more with MST and change the root bridge:

I want to ensure that SW1 is the root bridge within our region. We’ll have to change the priority for the IST (Internal Spanning Tree):

SW1(config)#spanning-tree mst 0 priority 4096

This is how I change the priority for MST instance 0. Let’s verify this:

SW1#show spanning-tree mst

##### MST0    vlans mapped:   1-9,11-19,21-29,31-39,41-49,51-59,61-4094
Bridge        address 5254.0010.370d  priority      4096  (4096 sysid 0)
Root          this switch for the CIST
Operational   hello time 2 , forward delay 15, max age 20, txholdcount 6 
Configured    hello time 2 , forward delay 15, max age 20, max hops    20

Interface        Role Sts Cost      Prio.Nbr Type
---------------- ---- --- --------- -------- --------------------------------
Gi0/0            Desg FWD 20000     128.1    P2p 
Gi0/1            Desg FWD 20000     128.2    P2p

Here, you can see that SW1 is the root bridge for the IST. It says CIST (Common and Internal Spanning Tree).