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Syslog Severity Levels Posted in: System Management - Syslog messages have eight severity levels, each denoted by both a number and a name. These are listed in the following table: Numerical Code Severity 0 Emergency: system is unusable 1 Alert: action must be taken immediately 2 Critical: critical conditions 3 Error: error conditions 4 Warning: warning conditions 5 Notice: normal but significant condition… ... Continue Reading
OSPF Network Type Loopback Posted in: CCIE Enterprise Infrastructure, CCNP ENARSI 300-410, CCNP ENCOR 350-401, OSPF - The OSPF network type loopback is assigned automatically to loopback interfaces, and OSPF advertises these as /32 host routes instead of the configured network. For example, if you have configured 192.168.1.1/24 on a loopback interface, then OSPF will advertise it as 192.168.1.1/32. Because OSPF treats a loopback as a stub without any attached neighbors, it… ... Continue Reading
OSPF Network Types Posted in: CCIE Enterprise Infrastructure, CCNP ENARSI 300-410, CCNP ENCOR 350-401, OSPF - Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) can be configured to work on various physical and topological networks, including Ethernet, GRE tunnels, GRE multipoint tunnels (DMVPN), and legacy WAN options such as Frame Relay, X.25, or ATM. To make OSPF work on different networks, it uses different network types. There are four network types defined in the… ... Continue Reading
OSPF Network Type Point-to-Point Posted in: CCIE Enterprise Infrastructure, CCNP ENARSI 300-410, CCNP ENCOR 350-401, OSPF - The OSPF point-to-point network type is designed for networks where only two routers are directly connected, such as serial links, PPP connections, GRE, or dedicated Ethernet links between two devices. With this network type, OSPF will use multicast for hello packets but will not perform a DR/BDR election. OSPF automatically detects network types based on… ... Continue Reading
OSPF Network Type Non-Broadcast Posted in: CCIE Enterprise Infrastructure, CCNP ENARSI 300-410, CCNP ENCOR 350-401, OSPF - The non-broadcast network type is designed for non-broadcast multi-access (NBMA) networks where routers can reach each other directly but cannot communicate using multicast, such as Frame Relay or X.25 networks. This means OSPF will perform a DR/BDR election because it is a multi-access network, and since multicast is not possible, we must manually define neighbors.… ... Continue Reading